| 1. | Therefore, the electron temperature can be simply measured by using formula
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| 2. | For a large voltage compared to the electron temperature, the result is
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| 3. | An equilibrium is finally reached when the potential difference is a few times the electron temperature.
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| 4. | A common rule of thumb for this voltage bias is 3 / e times the expected electron temperature.
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| 5. | In most plasmas of interest, the electron temperature is comparable to or larger than the ion temperature.
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| 6. | The relatively low electron temperature makes probe construction straightforward and does not require the use of exotic materials.
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| 7. | Without quantitative modeling of the bulk resistivity, Langmuir probes can only give an upper limit on the electron temperature.
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| 8. | For this reason, the ion temperature may be very different from ( usually lower than ) the electron temperature.
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| 9. | One advantage of ultracold plasmas are their well characterized and tunable initial conditions, including their size and electron temperature.
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| 10. | The incoherent scatter signal allows measurement of electron density, ion temperature and electron temperatures, ion composition and plasma velocity.
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